The plastic chip of the microfluidic diagnostic device mChip, developed by Samual Sia and co-authors of Columbia University, can reliably diagnose HIV and syphilis in about 15 minutes at a cost of only $ 1. It simplifies the execution of complex test procedures on the chip, helping to implement medical diagnosis in a resource-poor environment. At present, Harvard physicists and colleagues have implemented microfluidic chip-based sequencing technology, reducing the cost of personal gene sequencing to $ 30.
In an interview with the media, Xie Guoji said: "The invention of mChip is to enable large-scale diagnostic tests in any corner of the world, rather than forcing patients to go to the hospital clinic to draw blood, and then wait for a few days to have results."
Cheap AIDS diagnosis and treatment
Currently, about 64 million people in the world are infected with HIV and are growing at a rate of 7,000 people per day, including 1,800 newborns. Of the people living with HIV worldwide, 70% live in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS affects not only the health of individuals, but also the economic development of families, communities and countries.
Although early diagnosis and treatment, and the promotion of pre-exposure drugs can reduce the incidence of AIDS complications, in poor developing countries, such technologies and equipment are very lacking. Microfluidic (chip laboratory) technology is expected to solve this problem. One of the project participants, Chinese scientist Xie Guoji, was awarded the title of World Young Technology Innovator in MIT's Centennial Journal "Technology Review" in 2010, in recognition of his contribution to the development of microfluidic chips with low cost.
HIV antibodies generally appear gradually after 4 weeks of infection with the virus, and can extend to life, which is an important indicator of human detection. Detection of HIV-specific antibodies is an important basis for diagnosing AIDS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the earliest and fastest-growing application in the world, and it is also the most commonly used HIV antibody detection method. The basic principle is that the immune reactant can combine with the corresponding antigen or antibody in the sample to form an immune complex, and then add a colorless enzyme, which will produce color after catalysis or hydrolysis.
To test for AIDS in this way, blood samples must be sent to a qualified laboratory for testing. In Africa, health clinics lack resources to complete complex testing. It takes days or even tens of days to get to the city hospital.
The system developed by Xie Guoji et al. Can carry out complex experiments on the chip. This chip, similar to the size of a credit card, contains a miniature continuous U-shaped test tube and chemicals. Only a small sample (about 1 microliter) is needed to complete the reaction, and the test results are read out within 15 minutes. The detected reaction reagent is placed in a hose, separated by air bubbles, and pulled into the chip with a simple pull of a syringe. These chips can be mass-produced by the injection molding process, and the inspection process does not require moving parts, current or external measuring instruments. It can analyze blood through optics and show whether HIV test result is positive or negative within 15 minutes. Similar to pregnancy test sticks, even if not a doctor, ordinary people can tell whether they are infected with HIV by color. If you want more accurate inspection results, you can put the chip in the inspection box to view the results.
Xie Guoji's research team worked with the Colombian School of Public Health, Rwandan health administration officials and non-governmental health organizations to conduct a four-year study in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, and tested the device. For the combined testing of HIV and syphilis, the identification rate is 100%, and the false positive rate is about 4% -6%-equivalent to the level of a standard laboratory.
They take hundreds of patients as the research object, and the current detection rate of this technology in AIDS patients is 100%.
Prospects of microfluidic technology
Microfluidic technology is currently one of the rapidly developing high-tech and multidisciplinary interdisciplinary frontier fields. It can miniaturize the laboratory and construct microfluidic analysis units and systems on the surface of solid chips through planar micromachining technology to achieve Accurate, rapid and large information detection of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological groups. In the field of biomedicine, it can reduce the consumption of precious biological samples and reagents to microliters or even nano upgrades, and double the speed of analysis and double the cost.
Microfluidic technology not only emphasizes reducing the size of the device, it focuses on building a microfluidic channel system to achieve various complex microfluidic manipulation functions, allowing liquids to complete many steps of an experiment in the flow.
In order to promote the application of microfluidic technology in rapid medical diagnosis, in 2004, Xie Guoji and two colleagues co-founded Claros DiagnosTIcs. In 2007, they received an investment of 780 yuan from venture capital companies such as Oxford Bio. They have successively developed instruments for detecting prostate cancer, which have already obtained sales licenses in Europe this June. Next, they improved the chip to detect HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis. They are also developing detection methods for hepatitis B and C, herpes, and malaria in resource-poor third-world countries.
Using this mChip chip for medical diagnosis is not only capable of detecting one disease at a time. For example, while diagnosing AIDS, additional tests such as syphilis and hepatitis can be added without significantly increasing application costs.
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