Low-power wide-area networks will be the best wireless IoT wireless solution. Why? Let's start with two scenarios: the first scenario where a public network operator must pay for the network infrastructure; the second scenario is to allow public network providers to use the network infrastructure for free. Finally, we can see how the low-power WAN solution will solve the West Zhejiang problem.
The success of the public IoT network
Let's take a look at the characteristics of a successful public IoT solution provider. In all types of business, the successful business model is to use the least resources to achieve maximum benefits. For wireless network solutions, the largest proportion of resources are spent on the infrastructure (for cellular networks, the licensed spectrum is also purchased). The cost of these infrastructures includes site acquisition costs, power, physical access point installation, base station deployment costs, etc. These costs vary with network size. These costs are faced by every vendor that is interested in becoming a network operator. Although the specific figures vary from region to region, the overall difference is small.
Scenario 1: Operators bear the cost of network infrastructure
Building a public network and generating operating income is not an easy task. In general, the public network achieves revenue by having enough paying users to dilute infrastructure investments. For IoT network operators, the paying users depend on the connected devices. The number of paid devices is closely related to the network capacity (or data throughput) available to each access point, that is, the address space capacity of each AP. It has a great impact on paid income. A useful capacity criterion is the number of given unit characters (such as 32 bits) that can be transmitted over the AP at a given time (typically 1 second).
The capacity of these transmissions can be classified according to the data requirements of the equipment. Some devices need to transmit large amounts of data, so only a small number of terminals are responded to within a given period of time; if the device only needs to transmit a very small amount of data, then A large number of device requirements can be responded to during a given time period. For any wireless technology, this is an objective reality.
Each device can access the network for a certain fee. Therefore, capacity becomes a constraint factor that can generate revenue for the public IoT network. The larger the capacity of each base station, the greater the revenue generated by this resource, and each base station is sufficient. Capacity is a must for successful network operations.
From another perspective, every connected device should bring some benefits. Since the throughput of data in a given time is limited, each base station or AP can only respond to a certain number of devices. Therefore, the revenue per device multiplied by the number of devices that the AP can connect to becomes the theoretical maximum benefit that each AP can generate. The total revenue minus the cost is the profit of the network operation.
In this scenario, the low-power public network AP access capacity is not high, resulting in lower revenue than the AP deployment cost, resulting in a failed network operation, which ultimately leads to network shutdown.
Fortunately, network capacity can be calculated with enough information; however, this is a non-reversible process, and the loss after operational failure cannot be compensated later. Therefore, new wireless technology designs (such as new cellular technologies) are needed.
Scenario 2: Operators do not need to bear the cost of network infrastructure
We assume that the network operator can obtain the network infrastructure for free. Similarly, the success of this scenario requires that there are enough paying users to access each base station.
When there are enough devices to access, network operators need to consider increasing total revenue; in addition, some large customers or customers with confidential nature may need more network capacity to meet the increasing demand for their growing business. In this regard, wireless network operators may build more base stations or APs to increase network capacity, that is, "expansion", and cellular networks are called "base station encryption," which is critical for public network capacity.
However, many low-power wide-area network technologies cannot achieve effective expansion when the network is overloaded. This problem stems from the defects of its technology.
Network expansion requires more than just the AP's related functions, and it requires intelligent terminals. Intelligent terminals can acquire sensor status, adjust transmit power and other functions. These functions require new technologies from chip to firmware to network architecture and management. If a network fails to scale as needed, then as the current business grows, network interference increases, damaging its performance.
Some low-power WAN technologies are not capable of scaling on demand because they are not designed to support transmit power control, which is just one of the relevant capabilities. Let's examine how it affects scalability: assuming that a base station Y is full, you build another base station Z in its vicinity, which can serve some terminal nodes connected to the Y base station. Some low-power WAN solution providers have not consciously reduced signal power, and these endpoints will continue to consume power to broadcast signals as before, creating "noise." Thus, base station Y is still transmitting and receiving signals from all terminal nodes, just as before base station Z was deployed. In addition, when the Z base station has its own access terminal node, a considerable part of these terminals are located within the transmission and reception range of the Y base station, which means that the access point before the Y base station not only communicates with the Z base station, but also with the Y base station. Continue to maintain communication. In this way, the addition of new APs does not bring about synchronous expansion of the network. Adding new APs cannot solve this problem.
In short, all new endpoints connected to the new AP will interfere with the old AP, which runs counter to network expansion. Such network technology means that as long as the network capacity reaches the upper limit, its capacity will never be able to expand again. It also means that when the business grows, it will not be possible to access a large number of devices. The devices that are originally connected to the network will bear the burden. The bitter fruit of performance shrinking.
How to solve this dilemma?
The above two cases describe the dilemma that hinders the development of the Internet of Things. In both scenarios, network operations have failed, mainly due to its supporting technology.
As mentioned earlier, some of the underlying causes are always hidden under the surface. The success of network operations dedicated to the Internet of Things requires a redesign of network technology. There are some low-power wide-area network technologies that are good choices. These technologies can solve two problems: make each AP's capacity reach the profit point and ensure that the network is scalable.
Capacity above the profit point and network scalability require innovation in all aspects of wireless technology, hardware, firmware, network, software and other aspects need to be innovative, low-power wide-area network will become the core technology to support the future vision of the Internet of Things.
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